Top.Mail.Ru
Популярное

Рекомендации для врачей по ведению пациентов с дислипидемией и атеросклерозом

Под редакцией профессора А.В. Сусекова

Вступительное слово главного редактора

Перед вами вторая редакция «Рекомендаций для врачей по ведению пациентов с дислипидемией и атеросклерозом». Первая редакция вышла в 2014 году на основе книги «Дислипидемия», написанной канадскими учеными-медиками Сарой МакФерсон и Жане Мновик Кондейевски.

Развернуть За последние годы достигнут значительный прогресс в диагностике и лечении больных с нарушениями липидного обмена. Опубликованы результаты новых клинических исследований (IMPROVE-IT, FOURIER, ODYSSEY OUTCOMES), в которых дополнительное снижение уровня холестерина в комбинированной терапии (статины+) приводило к дальнейшему снижению сердечно-сосудистого риска. Это послужило основанием для снижения целевых уровней ЛНП у всех категорий больных, обновлены десятки липидных рекомендаций по всему миру. Как следствие, комбинированная терапия с целью снижения уровня ХС-ЛНП прочно входит в стандарты лечения больных высокого сердечно-сосудистого риска.

Вместе с тем терапия статинами и достижение целевых уровней липидов у большинства больных очень высокого сердечно-сосудистого риска в нашей стране пока далеки от оптимальных показателей. Интенсивную терапию статинами получают 2–3% пациентов в РФ, в лучшем случае лишь каждый 10-й больной достигает целевых уровней ХС-ЛНП. Продолжительность такого лечения – не более 6 месяцев. Большое количество детей и взрослых с семейной ГЛП в нашей стране не диагностировано, менее 1% получают адекватную терапию.

В этой редакции Рекомендаций я оставил значительную часть базового материала, касающегося основ клинической липидологии, общего представления о липидах, физиологии, патофизиологии дислипидемий и т. д.

Новые положения, внесенные мною в эту версию рекомендаций, касаются:

  • обновления научных данных о жирных кислотах, растительных стеролах, апоВ, Лп(а), основных стадиях атерогенеза; новых данных по диагностике гипобеталипопротеинемии, ситостеролемии, дефицита ЛХАТ, болезни Танжера и т. д.;
  • обзора ключевых международных рекомендаций, консенсусов;
  • новых алгоритмов по управлению семейной ГЛП у детей и взрослых;
  • рекомендаций EAS по выбору продуктов питания для снижения холестерина; «диеты спасения» для больных с выраженной гипертриглицеридемией;
  • оптимизации статинотерапии в первичной/вторичной профилактике;
  • простых алгоритмов управления статиновой миопатией и гиперферментемией с учетом уровня билирубина;
  • классификации и дифференциальной диагностики гипертриглицеридемий;
  • результатов завершенных клинических исследований гиполипидемических средств, зарегистрированных в РФ;
  • алгоритмов комбинированной терапии с учетом исходных показателей ЛНП;
  • мини-обзора, посвященного новым гиполипидемическим препаратам.

Для подготовки редакторских комментариев был использован материал 89 системных литературных обзоров, 33 международных рекомендаций и консенсусов, 14 регистров и 157 клинических исследований. Список литературы представлен 386 источниками.

Хочется верить, что новая версия Рекомендаций будет полезным руководством по клинической липидологии для студентов, аспирантов, врачей разных специальностей и в конечном итоге будет способствовать оптимизации диагностики/лечения дислипидемий.

С уважением,
профессор А.В. Сусеков

Содержание

Знакомство с дислипидемиями
19.04.2024
Знакомство с дислипидемиями
Глава первая
Дислипидемия – общее название группы заболеваний, характеризующихся изменением содержания липидов или липопротеинов в плазме крови или их качества (Marais, 2013).

Подробнее
Метаболизм и функционирование липидов в норме
19.04.2024
Метаболизм и функционирование липидов в норме
Глава вторая
Метаболизм липидов включает в себя поглощение липидов, синтез липидов (липогенез) и окисление ЖК (липолиз) для выработки энергии. Пищевые липиды всасываются пищеварительной системой, а накопление...
Подробнее
Патофизиология дислипидемии
19.04.2024
Патофизиология дислипидемии
Глава третья
Нарушение обмена липидов лежит в основе патогенеза дислипидемий. Дислипидемия – это группа заболеваний, имеющих многофакторную этиологию. Эта группа включает гиперлипидемии, гиперлипопротеинемии,...
Подробнее
Диагностика и лечение гиперлипидемий
19.04.2024
Диагностика и лечение гиперлипидемий
Глава четвёртая
Гиперлипидемии (и гиперлипопротеинемии) – это группа заболеваний, которые могут быть диагностированы при рутинной оценке липидного профиля. Эти нарушения характеризуются патологическим...
Подробнее
Диагностика и лечение гиполипидемий и болезней нарушенного транспорта холестерина
19.04.2024
Диагностика и лечение гиполипидемий и болезней нарушенного транспорта холестерина
Глава пятая
Как правило, гиполипидемии и болезни нарушенного транспорта ХС выявляются сразу после рождения или в раннем детстве. Эти состояния включают некоторые формы семейных гипохолестеринемий, характеризующиеся...
Подробнее
Достижения в лечении дислипидемии
19.04.2024
Достижения в лечении дислипидемии
Глава шестая
Исследователи сфокусированы на изучении генетических, эпигенетических и диетических факторов, влияющих на метаболизм липидов. Эти факторы могут быть биомаркерами, указывающими на риск сердечно-сосудистых...
Подробнее


Список литературы

  1. Cholewski M., Tomczykowa M., Tomczyk M. A Comprehensive Review of Chemistry, Sources and Bioavailability of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1662. doi: 10.3390/nu10111662.
    Развернуть
  2. Gylling H., Plat J., Turley S. et al. Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 2014;232:346–360. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.043.
  3. Lin X., Racette S.B., Lefevre M. et al. The effects of phytosterols present in natural food matrices on cholesterol metabolism and LDL-cholesterol: a controlled feeding trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64:1481e7.
  4. Authors/Task Force Members; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG); ESC National Cardiac Societies. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis. 2019;290:140–205. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.08.014.
  5. Behbodikhah J., Ahmed S., Elyasi A. et al. Apolipoprotein B and Cardiovascular Disease: Biomarker and Potential Therapeutic Target. Metabolites. 2021;11:690. doi: 10.3390/metabo11100690.
  6. Handhle A., Viljoen A., Wierzbicki A. et al. Elevated Lipoprotein(a): Background, Current Insights and Future Potential Therapies. Vascular Health and Risk Management. 2021;17:527–542.
  7. Catapano A., Daccord M., Damato E. et al. How should public health recommendations address Lp(a) measurement, a causative risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD)? Atherosclerosis. 2022;349:136–143. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.02.013.
  8. Cegla J., France M., Marcovina S.M. et al. Lp(a): When and how to measure it? Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 2021;58(1):16–21.
  9. Shah N.P., Pajidipati N.J., McGarrah R.W., Navar A.M., Vemulapalli S., Blazing M.A., Shah S.H., Hernandez A.F., Patel. M.R. Lipoprotein(a): An Update on a Marker of Residual Risk and Associated Clinical Manifestations. Am J Cardiol. 2020;126:94–102.
  10. Cegla G., Neely R.D.G., France M. et al. HEART UK consensus statement on Lipoprotein(a). Atherosclerosis. 2019;291:62–70.
  11. Wilson D.P., Jacobson T.A., Jones P.H. et al. Use of Lipoprotein(a) in clinical practice: A biomarker whose time has come. A scientific statement from the National Lipid Association. J Clin Lipidology. 2019;13:374–392.
  12. Soffer-Reyes G., Ginsberg H.N., Berglund L. et al. Lipoprotein(a): A Genetically Determined, Causal, and Prevalent Risk Factor for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2022;42:e48–e60.
  13. Ference B.A., Ginsberg H.N., Graham I. et al. Low density lipoprotein cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic and clinical studies. A Consensus Statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(32):2459–2472. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx144.
  14. Borén J., Chapman M.J., Krauss R.M. et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(24):2313–2330. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz962.
  15. Dietschy J.M., Turley S.D., Spady D.K. Role of liver in the maintenance of cholesterol and low density lipoprotein homeostasis in different animal species, including humans. Journal of Lipid Research. 1993;34:1637–1659.
  16. Hooff G.P., Wood W.G., Mullrer W.E. et al. Isoprenoids, Small GTPases and Alzheimer’s Disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010;1801(8):896–905. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.03.01.
  17. Dai L., Zou L., Meng L. et al. Cholesterol Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. Mol Neurobiol. 2021;58(5):2183–2201. doi: 10.1007/s12035-020-02232-6.
  18. Vance J.E. Dysregulation of cholesterol balance in the brain: contribution to neurodegenerative diseases. Disease Models & Mechanisms. 2012;5:746–755. doi: 10.1242/dmm.01012.
  19. Fredrickson D.S., Lees R.S.A system for phenotyping hyperlipoproteinemia. Circulation. 1965;31:321–327.
  20. Varbo A., Benn M., Tybjærg-Hansen A. et al. Remnant cholesterol as a causal risk factor for ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(4):427–436. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.1026.
  21. Сусеков А.В. Холестерин липопротеинов низкой плотности (ХС-ЛНП) и ремнантный холестерин неЛВП: нужна ли рокировка для оценки СС риска? Медицинский совет. 2013;(9):50–55.
  22. Giammanco A., Noto D., Barbagallo C.M. et al. Hyperalphalipoproteinemia and beyond: the role of HDL in cardiovascular disease. Life. 2021;11:581. doi: 10.3390/life11060581.
  23. Hirano A., Nagasaka H., Kobayashi K. et al. Disease-associated marked hyperalphalipoproteinemia. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Reports. 2014;1:264–268.
  24. Mabuchi H., Nohara A., Inazu A. Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) Deficiency and CETP Inhibitors. Mol Cells. 2014;37(11):777–784. doi: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0265.
  25. Gordon T., Castelli W.P., Hjortland M.C et al. High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease: The Framingham Study. Am J Med. 1977;62:707–714.
  26. Rye K.-A., Barter P.J. Cardioprotective functions of HDLs. J. Lipid Res. 2014;55:168–179.
  27. Feghaly J., Mooradian A.D. The Rise and Fall “ing” of the HDL Hypothesis. Drugs. 2020; 80:353–362.
  28. Hamer M., O’Donovan G., Stamatakis E. High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Mortality. Arter Thromb Vasc Biol. 2018;38:669–672.
  29. Visseren F.L.J., Mach F., Smulders Y.M. et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(34):3227–3337. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484.
  30. Yoo E.G. Sitosterolemia: a review and update of pathophysiology, clinical spectrum, diagnosis, and management. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2016;21(1):7–14. doi: 10.6065/apem.2016.21.1.7.
  31. Ajagbe B.O., Othman R.A., Myrie S.B. Plant Sterols, Stanols, and Sitosterolemia. J AOAC Int. 2015;98(3):716–723. doi: 10.5740/jaoacint.sgeajagbe.
  32. Katayama T., Katayama S., Satoh T. et al. A 19-year-old man with myocardial infarction and sitosterolemia. Intern Med. 2003;42(7):591–594. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.42.591.
  33. Bastida J.M., Girós M.L., Benito R. et al. Sitosterolemia: Diagnosis, Metabolic and Hematological Abnormalities, Cardiovascular Disease and Management. Curr Med Chem. 2019;26(37):6766–6775. doi: 10.2174/0929867325666180705145900.
  34. Takahashi M., Ohashi K., Ogura M. et al. on behalf of the Committee on Primary Dyslipidemia under the Research Program on Rare and Intractable Disease of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan J Current Diagnosis and Management of Abetalipoproteinemiа. Atheroscler Thromb. 2021;28:1009–1019. doi: 10.5551/jat.RV17056.
  35. Schaefer E.J., Anthanont P., Diffenderfer M.R. et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of High Density Lipoprotein Deficiency. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2016;59(2):97–106. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2016.08.006.
  36. Glomset J.A. The mechanism of the plasma cholesterol esterification reaction: plasma fatty acid transferase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1962;65:128–135.
  37. Santos R.D., Asztalos B.F., Martinez L.R.C.et al. Clinical presentation, laboratory values, and coronary heart disease risk in marked high-density lipoprotein–deficiency states. J Clin Lipidol. 2008;2(4):237–247. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2008.06.002.
  38. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol. Nature. 2020;582:73–77. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2338-1.
  39. Метельская В.А., Шальнова С.А., Деев Ф.Д. и др. Анализ распространенности показателей, характеризующих атерогенность спектра липопротеинов, у жителей Российской Федерации (по данным исследования ЭССЕ-РФ). Профилактическая медицина. 2016;1:15–23.
  40. Игонина Н.А., Журавлева Е.А., Кондрашева Е.А. и др. Анализ данных массового исследования холестерина у населения (к вопросу о референсных значениях холестерина). Клиническая лабораторная диагностика. 2013;1:11–17.
  41. Mach F., Ray K., Wiklund O. et al. Adverse effects of statin therapy: perception vs. the evidence – focus on glucose homeostasis, cognitive, renal and hepatic function, haemorrhagic stroke and cataract. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(27):2526–2539. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy182.
  42. Grundy S.M., Stone N.J., Bailey A.L. et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:3168–3209.
  43. Newman C., Preiss D., Tobert J. et al. Statin Safety and Associated Adverse Events A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019;39:e38–e81. doi: 10.1161/ATV.0000000000000073.
  44. Ramaswamia U., Humphries S.E., Priestley-Barnhamc L. еt al. Current management of children and young people with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia – HEART UK statement of care. Atherosclerosis 2019;290:1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.09.005.
  45. Watts G.F., Sullivan D.R., Hare D.L. et al. Integrated Guidance for Enhancing the Care of Familial Hypercholesterolaemia in Australia. Heart, Lung and Circulation. 2021;30:324–349. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.09.943.
  46. Pearson G.J., Thanassuolis J., Anderson T.J. et al. 2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults. Can J Cardiology. 2021;37:1129–1150. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.03.01623.
  47. Averna M., Banach M., Bruckert E. et al. Practical guidance for combination lipid-modifying therapy in high- and very-high-risk patients: A statement from a European Atherosclerosis Society Task Force. Atherosclerosis. 2021;325:99–109.
  48. Cannon C.P., Blazing M.A., Giugliano R.P. et al. Ezetimibe Added to Statin Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(25):2387–2397. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1410489.
  49. Sabatine M.S., Giugliano R.P., Keech A.C. et al. Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(18):1713–1722. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1615664 FOURIER.
  50. Schwartz G.G., Steg G.P., Szarek M. et al. Alirocumab and Cardiovascular Outcomes after Acute Coronary Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(22):2097–2107.
  51. Bhatt D.L., Steg P.G., Miller M. et al. Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia. N Engl J Med. 2018;380(1):11–22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1812792. Epub 2018 Nov 10.
  52. Nicholls S.J., Lincoff A.M., Bash D. et al. Assessment of omega-3 carboxylic acids in statin-treated patients with high levels of triglycerides and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: Rationale and design of the STRENGTH trial. Clin Cardiol. 2018;41(10):1281–1288. doi: 10.1002/clc.23055. Epub 2018 Sep 28.
  53. Pradhan A.D., Glynn R.J., Fruchart J.-C. et al. Triglyceride Lowering with Pemafibrate to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk. N Engl J Med. 2022;10.1056/NEJMoa2210645. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2210645.
  54. Schwartz G.G., Steg G.P., Bittner V.A. et al. Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Alirocumab After Acute Coronary Syndrome According to Achieved Level of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Propensity Score–Matched Analysis of the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES Trial. Circulation. 2021;143:1109–1122. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.049447.
  55. Wang Y., Yan B.P., Tomlinson B. et al. Is lipid goal one-size-fits-all: A review of evidence for recommended low-density lipoprotein treatment targets in Asian patients. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(14)1497–1506.
  56. Nelson A.J., Puri R., Nissen S.E. Statins in a Distorted Mirror of Media. Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 2020;22:37. doi: 10.1007/s11883-020-00853-9.
  57. Patel J., Marin S.S., Banach M. et al. Expert opinion: the therapeutic challenges faced by statin intolerance. Exp Opinion Pharmacother. 2016;17:1497–1507.
  58. Rosenson R.S., Baker S.K., Jacobson T.A., Kopecky S.L., Parker B.A. The National Lipid Association’s Muscle Safety Expert Panel. An assessment by the Statin Muscle Safety Task Force: 2014 update. J Clin Lipidol 2014;8(Suppl):S58–71. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2014.03.004.
  59. Banach M., Rizzo M., Toth P.P. et al. Statin intolerance: an attempt at a unified definition. Position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel. Arch Med Sci. 2015;11(1):1–23. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2015.49807.
  60. Mancini G.B., Baker S., Bergeron J. et al. Diagnosis, prevention, and management of statin adverse effects and intolerance: Canadian Consensus Working Group Update. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32(7 Suppl.):S35–65.
  61. Stroes E.S., Thompson P.D., Corsini A. et al. European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy – European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1012–1022.
  62. Rosenson R.S., Baker S., Banach M. et al. Optimazing Cholesterol Treatment in Patients with Muscle Complains. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70(10):290–1301. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.752.
  63. Alfirevic A., Armitage J., Chonoy H. et al. Phenotype Standardization for Statin-Induced Myotoxicity.Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;96(4):470–476. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2014.121.
  64. Bouitbir J., Sanvee J.M., Panajatovic M.V. et al. Mechanisms of statin-associated skeletal muscle associated symptoms. Pharmacol Res. 2020;154:104201. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.03.010.
  65. McKenney J.M., Davidson M.N., Jacobson T.A. et al. Final conclusions and recommendations of the National Lipid Association Statin Safety Assessment Task Force. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97(8A):89C–94C. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.02.030.
  66. Kajinami K., Tsukamoto K., Koba S. et al. Statin Intolerance Clinical Guide 2018. J Atherosclerosis Thromb. 2020;27:375–396.
  67. Dohlmann T.L., Kuhlman A.B., Morville T. Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation in Statin Treated Patients: A Double-Blinded Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Antioxidants. 2022;11:1698. doi: 10.3390/antiox11091698.
  68. Derosa G. D’Angelo A., Maffioli P. Coenzyme q10 liquid supplementation in dyslipidemic subjects with statin-related clinical symptoms: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. D Drug Des Devel Ther. 2019;13:3647–3655. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S223153.
  69. Kennedy C., Köller Y., Surkova E. Effect of Coenzyme Q10 on statin-associated myalgia and adherence to statin therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2020;299:1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.03.006.
  70. Michalska-Kasiczak M., Sahebkar A., Mikhailidis D.P. et al. Analysis of vitamin D levels in patients with and without statin-associated myalgia – a systematic review and meta-analysis of 7 studies with 2420 patients. Int J Cardiol. 2015;178:111–116. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.118.
  71. Pennisi M., Di Bartolo G., Malaguarnera G. et al. Vitamin D Serum Levels in Patients with Statin-Induced Musculoskeletal Pain. Dis Markers. 2019;3549402. doi: 10.1155/2019/3549402.
  72. Glueck C.J., Budhani S.B., Masinoni S.S. et al. Vitamin D Deficiency, Myositis-Myalgia, and Reversible Statin Intolerance. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27(9):1683–1690. doi: 10.1185/03007995.2011.598144.
  73. Sharma N., Cooper R., Kuh D. et al. Associations of statin use with motor performance and myalgia may be modified by 25-hydroxyvitamin D: findings from a British birth cohort. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):6578. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06019-z.
  74. Imenshahidi M., Hosseinzadeh H. Berberine and Barberry (Berberis Vulgaris): A Clinical Review. Phytother Res. 2019;33(3):504–523. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6252.
  75. Zhu B., Qi F., Wu J. et al. Red Yeast Rice: A Systematic Review of the Traditional Uses, Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Quality Control of an Important Chinese Folk Medicine. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2019;10:1–27.
  76. Lu Z., Kou W., Du B. et al. Effect of Xuezhikang, an extract from red yeast Chinese rice, on coronary events in a Chinese population with previous myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101(12):1689–1693. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.056.
  77. Cicero A.F.G., Fogacci F., Banach M. Red Yeast Rice for Hypercholesterolemia. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2019;15(3):192–199.
  78. Fogacci F., Banach M., Mikhailidis D.P. et al. Safety of red yeast rice supplementation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res. 2019;143:1–16. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.02.028.
  79. Gerards M.C., Terlou R.J., Yu H., Koks C.H., Gerdes V.E. Traditional Chinese lipid-lowering agent red yeast rice results in significant LDL reduction but safety is uncertain – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2015;240(2):415–423.
  80. Vallejo-Vaz A., Sreenivasa R., Cole D. et al. Familial hypercholesterolaemia: A global call to arms. Atherosclerosis. 2015;243:257e259.
  81. EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration, Vallejo-Vaz A.J., Akram A., et al. Pooling and expanding registries of familial hypercholesterolaemia to assess gaps in care and improve disease management and outcomes: Rationale and design of the global EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration. Atheroscler Suppl. 2016;22:1–32. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2016.10.001.
  82. EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration, Vallejo-Vaz A.J., De Marco M. et al. Overview of the current status of familial hypercholesterolaemia care in over 60 countries – The EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC). Atherosclerosis. 2018;277:234–255. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.08.051.
  83. EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC). Global perspective of familial hypercholesterolaemia: a cross-sectional study from the EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC). Lancet. 2021;398(10312):1713–1725. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01122-3.
  84. Tromp T.R., Hartgers M.L., Hovingh G.K., Vallejo-Vaz A.J. Worldwide experience of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: retrospective cohort study. Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolaemia International Clinical Collaborators. Lancet. 2022;399(10326):719–728. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02001-8.
  85. Ceska R., Freiberger T., Vaclova M., Aleksicova T., Votavova L., Vrablik M. ScreenPro FH: from the Czech MedPed to international collaboration. ScreenPro FH is a participating project of the EASFHCS. Physiol Res. 2017;66(Suppl. 1):S85–S90. doi: 10.33549/physiolres.933599.
  86. Vrablik M., Tichý L., Freiberger T., Blaha V., Satny M., Hubacek J.A. Genetics of Familial Hypercholesterolemia: New Insights Front Genet. 20207;11:574474. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.574474.
  87. Rizos C.V., Elisaf M.S., Skoumas I., Tziomalos K. Characteristics and management of 1093 patients with clinical diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia in Greece: Data from the Hellenic Familial Hypercholesterolemia Registry (HELLAS-FH). Atherosclerosis. 2018;277:308–313. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.08.017.
  88. Reddy L.L., Shah S.A.V., Ashaviad T.F. et al. Shortcomings on genetic testing of Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in India: Can we collaborate to establish Indian FH registry. Indian Heart J. 202274(1):1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ihj.2021.11.185.
  89. Pérez de Isla L., Arroyo-Olivares R., Muñiz-Grijalvo O. Long-term effect of 2 intensive statin regimens on treatment and incidence of cardiovascular events in familial hypercholesterolemia: The SAFEHEART study. J Clin Lipidol. 2019;13(6):989–996. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2019.10.005.
  90. Lewek J., Konopka A., Starostecka E. Penson Clinical Features of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Children and Adults in EAS-FHSC Regional Center for Rare Diseases in Poland. J Clin Med. 2021;10(19):4302. doi: 10.3390/jcm10194302.
  91. Meshkov A.N., Ershova A.I., Kiseleva A.V., Shalnova S.A. The Prevalence of Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Selected Regions of the Russian Federation: The FH-ESSE-RF Study. J Pers Med. 2021;11(6):464. doi: 10.3390/jpm11060464.
  92. Meshkov A., Ershova A., Kiseleva A. The LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 Variants of Index Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Russia. Genes (Basel). 2021;12(1):66. doi: 10.3390/genes12010066.
  93. Kiseleva A.V., Klimushina M.V., Sotnikova E.A. A Data-Driven Approach to Carrier Screening for Common Recessive Diseases. J Pers Med. 2020;10(3):140. doi: 10.3390/jpm10030140.
  94. Susekov A., Meshkov A., Korneva V. et al. Clinical characteristics and LDL-C achievement rates in 506 FH patients from 4 Russian lipid clinics. J Clin Lipidol. 2016;10(3):698. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2016.03.070.
  95. Ershova A.I., Meshkov A.N., Rozhkova T.A. Carotid and Aortic Stiffness in Patients with Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(7):e0158964. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158964.
  96. Korneva V.A., Kuznetsova T.Y., Julius U. Modern Approaches to Lower Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations and Consequences for Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomedicines. 2021;9(9):1271. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9091271.
  97. Harada-Shiba M., Arai H., Ishigaki Y. et al. for working Group by Japan Atheroslerosis society for making Guidance of familial Hypercholesterolemia. Gudelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of familial Hypercholesterolemia 2017. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2018;25(8):751–770. doi: 10.5551/jat.CR003.
  98. Brunham L.R., Ruel I., Aljenedil S. Society Position Statement Canadian Cardiovascular Society Position Statement on Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Update 2018. Can J Cardiol. 2018;34(12):1553–1563. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.09.005.
  99. Ruel I., Brisson D., Ajenedil S. et al. Simplified Canadian Definition for Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Canadian J Cardiology. 2018;34:1210–1214.
  100. Borges J.B., de Oliveira V.F., Ferreira G.M. et al. Genomics, epigenomics and pharmacogenomics of familial hypercholesterolemia (FHBGEP): A study protocol. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2021;17:1347–1355.
  101. Ramaswamia U., Humphries S.E., Priestley-Barnhamc L. еt al. Current management of children and young people with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia – HEART UK statement of care. Atherosclerosis. 2019;290:1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.09.005.
  102. Starr B., Hadfield S.G., Barbara A. et al. Development of sensitive and specific age and gender-specific low-density lipoprotein cholesterol cutoffs for diagnosis of first – degree relatives with familial hypercholesterolaemia in cascade testing. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2008;46(6):791–803.
  103. McCrindle B.W., Urbina E.M., Dennison B.A. et al. Drug therapy of high-risk lipid abnormalities in children and adolescents: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in Youth Committee, Council of Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, with the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. Circulation. 2007;115:1948–1967.
  104. Goldstein J.L., Brown M.S. The low density lipoprotein pathway and its relation to atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Biochem. 1977;46:897–930.
  105. Nohara A., Tada H., Ogura M. et al. Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2021;28:665–678. doi: 10.5551/jat.RV17050.
  106. Зафираки В.К., Космачева Е.Д., Захарова И.Н., Корнева В.А., Сусеков А.В. Гомозиготная семейная гиперхолестеринемия: современные аспекты патогенеза, диагностики и терапии. Медицинский совет. 2018;(17):253–259. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2018-17-253-259.
  107. Pisciotta L., Priore Oliva С., Pes G.M. et al. Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia (ARH) and homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH): a phenotypic comparison. Atherosclerosis. 2006;188:398–405.
  108. De Ferranti S.D., Rodday A.M., Mendelson M.M. et al. Prevalence of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in the 1999 to 2012 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Circulation. 2016;133:1067–1072.
  109. Beheshti S.O., Madsen C.M., Varbo A., Nordestgaard B.G. Worldwide Prevalence of Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Meta-Analyses of 11 Million Subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75:2553–2566.
  110. Thompson G.R. PCSK9 Inhibitors for Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia Useful But Seldom Sufficient. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(2):143–145. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.033.
  111. Сусеков А.В., Яфарова А.А. Щербакова М.Ю. и др. Регрессия у 12-летнего пациента с гомозиготной формой семейной гиперхолестеринемии: клинический случай. Consilium Medicum. Педиатрия (Прил.). 2016;(3):103–108.
  112. Cuchel M., Blodon L.T., Szapary P.O. et al. Inhibition of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(2):148–156. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa061189.
  113. Raal F.J., Honarpour N., Blom D.J., Hovingh G.K. Inhibition of PCSK9 with evolocumab in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (TESLA Part B): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9965):341–350. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61374-X.
  114. Endo A. The discovery and development of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Journal of Lipid Research. 1992;33:1569–1582. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41379-3.
  115. Cусеков А.В. Обоснование увеличения доз статинов в клинической практике. Терапевтический архив. 2001;(4):76–80.
  116. Оганов Р.Г., Кухарчук В.В., Арутюнов Г.П. и др. Сохраняющиеся нарушения показателей липидного спектра у пациентов с дислипидемией, получающих статины, в реальной клинической практике в Российской Федерации (российская часть исследования DYSIS). Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2012;11(4):70–78.
  117. Ершова А.И., Мешков А.Н., Якушин С.С. и др. Диагностика и лечение больных с выраженной гиперхолестеринемией в реальной амбулаторно-клинической практике (по данным регистра РЕКВАЗА). Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2014;10(6):612–616.
  118. Ахмеджанов Н.М., Небиеридзе Д.В., Сафарян А.С. и др. Анализ распространенности гиперхолестеринемии в условиях амбулаторной практики (по данным исследования АРГО): часть I. Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2015;11(3):252–259.
  119. Jones P.H., Davidson M.H., Stein E.A. et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin across doses (STELLAR Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2003;92(2):152–160. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00530-7.
  120. Roberts W. The rule of 5 and the rule of 7 in lipitd-lowering by statin drugs. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:106–107.
  121. Stein E. et al. Statins in hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81:4(A):66B–69B.
  122. Adams S.P., Alaeiilkhchi N., Wright J.M. Pitavastatin for lowering lipids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;(6):CD012735. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012735.pub2.
  123. Matskeplishvili S., Kontsevaya A. Cardiovascular Health, Disease, and Care in Russia Circulation. 2021;144:586–588. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.05523.
  124. Сусеков А.В. Статины в отдельных популяциях пациентов: научные данные и алгоритмы для практикующего врача. Consilium Medicum. 2021;23(1). doi: 10.26442/20751753.2021.01.200626.
  125. D’Agostino R.B. Sr, Vasan R.S., Pencina M.J., Wolf P.A., Cobain M., Massaro J.M., Kannel W.B. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2008;117:743–753.
  126. Woodward M., Brindle P., Tunstall-Pedoe H.; SIGN Group on Risk Estimation. Adding social deprivation and family history to cardiovascular risk assessment: the ASSIGN score from the Scottish Heart Health Extended Cohort (SHHEC). Heart. 2007;93:172–176.
  127. Hippisley-Cox J., Coupland C., Vinogradova Y., Robson J., Minhas R., Sheikh A., Brindle P. Predicting cardiovascular risk in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QRISK2. BMJ. 2008;336:1475–1782.
  128. Ridker P.M., Buring J.E., Rifai N., Cook N.R. Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the Reynolds Risk Score. JAMA. 2007;297:611–619.
  129. Ridker P.M., Paynter N.P., Rifai N., Gaziano J.M., Cook N.R. C-reactive protein and parental history improve global cardiovascular risk prediction: the Reynolds Risk Score for men. Circulation. 2008;118:22432251.
  130. Ferrario M., Chiodini P., Chambless L.E. et al. Assessing accuracy of the CUORE Cohort Study prediction equation. Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34:413–421.
  131. Goff D.C. Jr, Lloyd-Jones D.M., Bennett G. et al. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129:S49S73.
  132. Hajifathalian K., Ueda P., Lu Y., Woodward M. et al. A novel risk score to predict cardiovascular disease risk in national populations (Globorisk): a pooled analysis of prospective cohorts and health examination surveys. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3:339–355.
  133. Taha H.S.E.D., Badran H.M., Kandil H.M. et al. Egyptian practical guidance in lipid management 2020. Egypt Heart J. 2021;73:17. doi: 10.1186/s43044-021-00140-1.
  134. Rhee E.J., Kim H.C., Kim J.H. et al. 2018 Guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia. Korean J Intern Med. 2019;34:723–771. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2019.188.
  135. Котовская Ю.В., Ткачева О.Н., Сергиенко И.В. Липидснижающая терапия для первичной профилактики у пациентов 75 лет и старше. Консенсус экспертов Российской ассоциации геронтологов и гериатров, Национального общества по изучению атеросклероза, Российского кардиологического общества, Ассоциации клинических фармакологов. Кардиология. 2020;60(6):119–132.
  136. Kayikcioglu M. LDL-apheresis and Lp(a) apheresis: a clinical perspective. Statins Drus (R. Cesca, Section Editor). Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 2021;23:15. doi: 10.1007/s11883-021-00911-w.
  137. Baass A., Paquette M., Bernard S., Hegele R.A. Familial chylomicronemia syndrome: an under-recognized cause of severe hypertriglyceridaemia J Intern Med. 2020;287:340–348. doi: 10.1111/joim.13016.
  138. Hermandez P., Passi N., Modaressi T. et al. Clinical Management of hypertrilgyceridemia in the prevention of cardiovasculra disease and pancreatitis.Current Atherosclerosis reports. 2021;23:72. doi: 10.1007/s11883-021-00962-z.
  139. Berglund L., Brunzell J.D., Goldberg A.C. et al. Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:2969–2989.
  140. Laufs U., Parhofer K., Ginsberg H.N. et al. Clinical review on triglycerides. Eur Heart J. 2020:41:99–109.
  141. Hegele R.A., Ginsberg H.N., Chapman M.J. et al. The polygenic nature of hypertriglyceridaemia: implications for definition, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:655–666.
  142. Jaross W., Assmann G., Bergmann S., Schulte H. Comparison of risk factors for coronary heart disease in Dresden and Munster. Results of the DRECAN (Dresden Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition) study and the PROCAM (Prospective Cardiovascular Munster) Study. Eur J Epidemiol. 1994;10:307–315.
  143. Retterstol K., Narverud I., Selmer R. et al. Severe hypertriglyceridemia in Norway: prevalence, clinical and genetic characteristics. Lipids Health Dis. 2017;16:115.
  144. Chyzhyk V., Kozmic S., Brown A.S. et al. Extreme hypertriglyceridemia: genetic diversity, pancreatitis, pregnancy, and prevalence. J Clin Lipidol. 2019;13:89–99.
  145. Whitcomb D.C. Clinical practice. Acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2142–2150.
  146. Moulin P., Dufour R., Averna M. et al. Identification and diagnosis of patients with familial chylomicronaemia syndrome (FCS): Expert panel recommendations and proposal of an “FCS score”. Atherosclerosis. 2018;275:265–272. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.
  147. Shapiro M.D., Minnnier J., Tavori H. et al. Relationship between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein (a) lowering in response to PSK9 inhibition with evolocumab. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8:e010932.
  148. Raal F.J., Giugliano R.P., Sabatine M.S. et al. PCSK9 inhibition-mediated reduction in Lp(a) with evolocumab: An analysis of 10 clinical trials and the LDL receptor’s role. J Lipid Res. 2016;57:1086–1096.
  149. Lütjohann D. Sitosterolemia (phytosterolemia). Internist (Berl). 2019;60(8):871–877. doi: 10.1007/s00108-019-0635-2.
  150. Yoshida H., Tada H., Ito K. et al. Reference Intervals of Serum Non-Cholesterol Sterols by gender in Healthy Japanese Individual. J Athesclerosis Thromb. 2020;27(5):409–417.
  151. Lee M.H., Lu K., Patel S.B. Genetic basis of sitosterolemia. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2001;12(2):141–149. doi: 10.1097/00041433-200104000-00007.
  152. Park J.H., Chung I.H., Kim D.H., Choi M.H., Garg A., Yoo E.G. Sitosterolemia presenting with severe hypercholesterolemia and intertriginous xanthomas in a breastfed infant: case report and brief review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(5):1512–1518. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-3274.
  153. Hayato Tada H., Nomura A., Masatsune Ogura M. et al. Diagnosis and Management of Sitosterolemia. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2021;28:791–801. doi: 10.5551/jat.RV17052.
  154. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344:1383–1389.
  155. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 high-risk patients: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7–22.
  156. Jones P., Kafonek S., Laurora I., Hunninghake D. Comparative dose efficacy study of atorvastatin versus simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin and fluvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia (the CURVES Study). Am J Cardiology. 1998:81(5):582–587.
  157. Smilde T.J., van Wissen S., Wollersheim H. et al. Effect of aggressive versus conventional lipidlowering on atherosclerosis progression in familial hypercholesterolaemia (ASAP): a prospective, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2001;357:577–581.
  158. Pitt B., Waters D., Brown W.V. et al. Aggressive lipid-lowering therapy compared with angioplasty in stable coronary artery disease. Atorvastatin versus Revascularization Treatment Investigators. AVERT. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:70–76.
  159. Schwartz G.G., Olsson A.G., Ezekowitz M.D. et al. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285:1711–1718.
  160. Sever P.S., Poulter N.R., Dahlöf B. et al. Different Time Course for Prevention of Coronary and Stroke Events by Atorvastatin in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Lipid-Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA). Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:39F–44F.
  161. Amarenco P., Bogousslavsky J., Callahan A. 3rd et al. High-Dose Atorvastatin after Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack. The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL). N Engl J Med. 2006;355:549–559.
  162. Colhoun H.M., Betteridge D.J., Durrington P.N. et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9435):685–696. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16895-5.
  163. Cannon C.P., Braunwald E., McCabe C.H. et al. Intensive versus Moderate Lipid Lowering with Statins after Acute Coronary Syndromes. Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 (PROVE-IT TIMI 22). N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1495–1504.
  164. Nissen S.E., Tuzcu E.M., Schoenhagen P. et al. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;3;291(9):1071–1080. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.9.1071.
  165. LaRosa J.C., Grundy S.M., Waters D.D. et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(14):1425–1435. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa050461.
  166. Pedersen T.R., Faergeman O., Kastelein J.J. et al. High-Dose Atorvastatin vs Usual-Dose Simvastatin for Secondary Prevention After Myocardial Infarction. The IDEAL Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 2005;294:2437–2445.
  167. Okazaki S., Yokoyama T., Miyauchi K. et al. Early Statin Treatment in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Demonstration of the Beneficial Effect on Atherosclerotic Lesions by Serial Volumetric Intravascular Ultrasound Analysis During Half a Year After Coronary Event: The ESTABLISH Study. Circulation. 2004;110:1061–1068.
  168. Athyros V.G., Mikhailidis D.P., Papageorgiou A.A. et al. Effect of atorvastatin on high density lipoprotein cholesterol and its relationship with coronary events: a subgroup analysis of the GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(5):627–637.
  169. Rall F.J., Pappu A.S., Illingworth D.R. et al. Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by atorvastatin in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis. 2000;150(2):421–428. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00435-9.
  170. Canon C., Steinberg A., Murphy S.A. Meta-Analysis of Cardiovascular Outcomes Trials Comparing Intensive Versus Moderate Statin Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:438–445.
  171. Newman C.B., Palmer G., Silbershatz H. et al. Safety of atorvastatin derived from analysis of 44 completed trials in 9,416 patients. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92(6):670–676. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00820-8.
  172. Мареев В.Ю., Беленков Ю.Н., Оганов Р.Г. и др. Аторвастатин при лечении пациентов с коронарной болезнью сердца и дислипидемией: оценка эффективности и безопасности. Дизайн и основные результаты исследования «Атлантика». Кардиология. 2008;11:4–13.
  173. Сусеков А.В., Хохлова Н.В. Доказательная база аторвастатина – пятнадцать лет спустя. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2011;10(3):20–30.
  174. Сусеков А.В., Блохин А.Б., Лугинова З.Г. и др. Статины в профилактике ишемического инсульта. Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2013;9(4):396–403.
  175. Schuster H., Fox J.C. Investigating cardiovascular risk reduction – the Rosuvastatin GALAXY Programm. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004;5(5):1187–1200. doi: 10.1517/14656566.5.5.1187.
  176. Сусеков А.В. Клинические исследования с розувастатином из проекта GALAXY в контексте новых рекомендаций EAS/ESC-2016 по дислипидемиям Часть 1. Consilium Medicum. 2017;19(12):12–19. doi: 10.26442/2075-1753_19.12.12-19.
  177. Сусеков А.В. Клинические исследования розувастатина в контексте актуальных рекомендаций EAS/ESC по дислипидемиям. РМЖ. Медицинское обозрение. 2019;1(II):93–99.
  178. Stender S., Schuster H., Barter P. et al. Comparison of rosuvastatin with atorvastatin, simvastatin and pravastatin in achieving cholesterol goals and improving plasma lipids in hypercholesterolaemic patients with or without the metabolic syndrome in the MERCURY I trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2005;7(4):430–438.
  179. Ballantyne C.M., Bertolami M., Hernandez Garcia H.R. et al. Achieving LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B target levels in high-risk patients: Measuring Effective Reductions in Cholesterol Using Rosuvastatin therapY (MERCURY) II. Am Heart J. 2006;151(5):975.e1–9.
  180. Willich S.N., Englert H., Sonntag F. et al. Impact of a compliance program on cholesterol control: results of the randomized ORBITAL study in 8108 patients treated with rosuvastatin. J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2009;16(2):180–187. doi: 10.1097/HJR.0b013e3283262ac3.
  181. Stalenhoef A.F., Ballantyne C.M., Sarti C. et al. A comparative study with rosuvastatin in subjects with metabolic syndrome: results of the COMETS study. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(24):2664–2672. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi482.
  182. Berne C., Siewert-Delle A. Comparison of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin for lipid lowering in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from the URANUS study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005;4:7. doi: 10.1186/1475-2840-4-7.
  183. Pitt B., Loscalzo J., Monyak J., Miller E., Raichlen J. Comparison of lipid-modifying efficacy of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin in patients with acute coronary syndrome (from the LUNAR study) Am J Cardiol. 2012;109(9):1239–1246. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.12.015.
  184. Leiter L.A., Rosenson R.S., Stein E. Efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin 40 mg versus atorvastatin 80 mg in highrisk patients with hypercholesterolemia: results of the POLARIS study. Atherosclerosis. 2007;194(2):e154–164. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.12.001.
  185. Clearfield M.B., Amerena J., Bassand J.P. et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin 10 mg and atorvastatin 20 mg in high-risk patients with hypercholesterolemia – Prospective study to evaluate the Use of Low doses of the Statins Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin (PULSAR). Trials. 2006;7:35. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-7-35.
  186. Crouse J.R. 3rd, Raichlen J.S., Riley W.A. et al. METEOR Study Group. Effect of rosuvastatin on progression of carotid intima-media thickness in low-risk individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis: the METEOR Trial. JAMA. 2007;297(12):1344–1353.
  187. Underhill H.R., Yuan C., Zhao X.-Q. et al. Effect of rosuvastatin therapy on carotid plaque morphology and composition in moderately hypercholesterolemic patients: a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging trial. Am Heart J. 2008;155(3):584.e1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.11.018.
  188. Nissen S.E., Nicholls S.J., Sipahi I. et al. Effect of Very High-Intensity Statin Therapy on Regression of Coronary Atherosclerosis The ASTEROID Trial. JAMA. 2006;295. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.13.jpc60002.
  189. Nicholls S., Ballantyne C., Barter Ph. et al. Effects of two intensive statin regimens on progression of coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2078–2087.
  190. Kjekshus J., Apetrei E., Barrios V. et al. for the CORONA group. Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2248–2261.
  191. Fellstrom B.C., Jardine A.G., Schmieder R.E. et al. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. New Engl J Med. 2009;360:13951407.
  192. Ridker P.M., Danielson D., Fonseca F.A.Y. et al. for the JUPITER Study Group. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2195–2207.
  193. Barter P.J., Brandrup-Wognsen G., Palmer M.K., Nicholls S.J. Effect of statins on HDL-C: a complex process unrelated to changes in LDL-C: analysis of the VOYAGER Database J Lipid Res. 2010;51(6):1546–1553. doi: 10.1194/jlr.P002816.
  194. Karlson B.W., Barter P.J., Palmer M.K., Lundman P., Nicholls S.J. Comparison of the effects of different statins and doses on lipid levels in patients with diabetes: results from VOYAGER Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;22(9):697–703. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.03.003.
  195. Palmer M.K., Nichols S.J., Lundman P. et al. Achievement of LDL-C goals depends on baseline LDL-C and choice and dose of statin: an analysis from the VOYAGER database. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2013;20(6):1080–1087. doi: 10.1177/2047487313489875.
  196. Karlson B.W., Palmer M.K., Nicholls S.J. et al. To what extent do high-intensity statins reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in each of the four statin benefit groups identified by the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines? A VOYAGER meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2015;241(2):450–454. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.029.
  197. Karlson B.W., Palmer M.K., Nicholls S.J. et al. Doses of rosuvastatin, atorvastatin and simvastatin that induce equal reductions in LDL-C and non-HDL-C: Results from the VOYAGER meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23(7):744–747. doi: 10.1177/2047487315598710.
  198. Karlson B.W., Wiklund O., Palmer M.K. et al. Variability of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol response with different doses of atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin: results from VOYAGER. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2016;2(4):212–217. doi: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvw006.
  199. Karlson B.W., Palmer M.K., Nicholls S.J., Lundman P., Barter P.J. A VOYAGER Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Statin Therapy on Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels in Patients With Hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Cardiol. 2016;117(9):1444–1448. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.02.011.
  200. Karlson B.W., Palmer M.K., Nicholls S.J., Barter P.J., Lundman P. Effects of age, gender and statin dose on lipid levels: Results from the VOYAGER meta-analysis database. Atherosclerosis. 2017;265:54–59. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.014.
  201. Karlson B.W., Nicholls S.J., Lundman P., Barter P.J., Palmer M.K. Modeling Statin-Induced Reductions of Cardiovascular Events in Primary Prevention: A VOYAGER Meta-Analysis. Cardiology. 2018;140(1):30–34. doi: 10.1159/000488311.
  202. Сусеков А.В. Регрессия атеросклероза при терапии статинами. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2010;9(7):122–117.
  203. Сусеков А.В., Горнякова Н.Б., Лугинова З.Г. и др. Замедление прогрессирования мультифокального атеросклероза у больной с первичной гиперхолестеринемией на фоне длительной (16 лет) гиполипидемической терапии. РМЖ. 2020,28(10):29–34.
  204. Zhang L., Zhang S., Yu Y., Jiang H., Ge J. Efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin vs. atorvastatin in lowering LDL cholesterol: A meta-analysis of trials with East Asian populations. Herz. 2020;45(6):594–602. doi: 10.1007/s00059-018-4767-2.
  205. Masana L. Pitavastatin in cardiometabolic disease: therapeutic profile. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2013;12(Suppl. 1):S2. doi: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-s1-s2.
  206. Ose L., Budinski D., Hounslow N., Arneson V. Comparison of pitavastatin with simvastatin in primary hypercholesterolaemia or combined dyslipidaemia. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25:2755–2764.
  207. Yokote K., Bujo H., Hanaoka H. et al. Multicenter collaborative randomized parallel group comparative study of pitavastatin and atorvastatin in Japanese hypercholesterolemic patients: collaborative study on hypercholesterolemia drug intervention and their benefits for atherosclerosis prevention (CHIBA study). Atherosclerosis. 2008;201:345–352.
  208. Kurihara Y., Douzono T., Kawakita K., Nagasaka Y. A large-scale, long-term prospective post-marketing surveillance of pitavastatin (Livalo) – Livalo effectiveness and safety study (LIVES). Jpn Pharmacol Ther. 2008;36:709–731.
  209. Kimura K., Shimano H., Yokote K., Urashima M., Teramoto T. Effects of pitavastatin (LIVALO tablet) on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in hypercholesterolemic patients with chronic kidney disease. Sub-analysis of the LIVALO Effectiveness and Safety (LIVES) Study. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2010;17:601–609.
  210. Hiro T., Kimura T., Morimoto T. et al. Effect of intensive statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome: A multi-center randomized trial evaluated by volumetric intravascular ultrasound using pitavastatin versus atorvastatin study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;293:293–302.
  211. Saku K., Zhang B., Noda K. et al. Randomized Head-to-Head Comparison of Pitavastatin, Atorvastatin, and Rosuvastatin for Safety and Efficacy (Quantity and Quality of LDL). The PATROL Trial Circ J. 2011;75:1493–1505.
  212. Maruyama T., Takada M., Nishibori Y. et al. Comparison of preventive eff ect on cardiovascular events with different statins. The CIRCLE study. Circ J. 2011;75:1951–1959.
  213. Koshiyama H., Taniguchi A., Tanaka K. et al. Effects of pitavastatin on lipid profiles and high-sensitivity CRP in Japanese subjects with hypercholesterolemia: Kansai Investigation of Statin for Hyperlipidemic Intervention in Metabolism and Endocrinology (KISHIMEN) investigatars. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2008;15:345–350.
  214. Matsubara T., Naruse K., Arakawa T. et al. Impact of pitavastatin on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and adiponectin in hypercholesterolemic patients with the metabolic syndrome: the PREMIUM study. J Cardiol. 2012;60:389–394.
  215. Taguchi I., Iimuro S., Iwata H. et al. High-Dose Versus Low-Dose Pitavastatin in Japanese Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease (REAL-CAD) A Randomized Superiority Trial. Circulation. 2018;137:1997–2009. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032615.
  216. Kim N.H., Kim S.G. Fibrates Revisited: Potential Role in Cardiovascular Risk Reduction. Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44:213–221. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0001.
  217. Chawla A., Repa J.J., Evans R.M., Mangelsdorf D.J. Nuclear receptors and lipid physiology: opening the X-files. Science. 2001;294:1866–1870.
  218. Heller F., Harvengt C. Effects of clofibrate, bezafibrate, fenofibrate and probucol on plasma lipolytic enzymes in normolipaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1983;25:57–63.
  219. Martin G., Schoonjans K., Lefebvre A.M., Staels B., Auwerx J. Coordinate regulation of the expression of the fatty acid transport protein and acyl-CoA synthetase genes by PPARalpha and PPAR gamma activators. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:28210–28217.
  220. Schoonjans K., Watanabe M., Suzuki H. et al. Induction of the acyl-coenzyme A synthetase gene by fibrates and fatty acids is mediated by a peroxisome proliferator response element in the C promoter. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:19269–19276.
  221. Staels B., Auwerx J. Regulation of apo A-I gene expression by fibrates. Atherosclerosis. 1998;137(Suppl.):S19–23.
  222. Keating G.M., Croom K.F. Fenofibrate: a review of its use in primary dyslipidaemia, the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2007;67(1):121–153.
  223. Frick M.H., Elo O., Haapa K. et al. Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1237–1245.
  224. Rubins H.B., Robins S.J., Collins D. et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:410–418.
  225. Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study. Secondary prevention by raising HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2000;102:21–27.
  226. Meade T., Zuhrie R., Cook C., Cooper J. Bezafibrate in men with lower extremity arterial disease: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2002;325:1139.
  227. Keech A., Simes R.J., Barter P. et al. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1849–1861.
  228. ACCORD Study Group, Ginsberg H.N., Elam M.B., Lovato L.C. et al. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1563–1574.
  229. Elam M.B., Ginsberg H.N., Lovato L.C. et al. Association of fenofibrate therapy with long-term cardiovascular risk in statin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:370–380.
  230. Shipman K.E., Strange R.C., Ramachandran S. Use of fibrates in the metabolic syndrome. A Review. World J Diabetes. 2016;7(5):74–88. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i5.74.
  231. Bruckert E., Labreuche J., Deplanque D. et al. Fibrates effect on cardiovascular risk is greater in patients with high triglyceride levels or atherogenic dyslipidemia profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2011;57(2):267–272. doi: 10.1097/FJC.
  232. Farnier M. Update on the clinical utility of fenofibrate in mixed dyslipidemias: mechanisms of action and rational prescribing. Vascular Health and Risk Management. 2008:4(5)991–1000.
  233. Fruchart J.C., Staels B., Duriez P. The role of fibric acids in atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscl Rep. 2001;3:83–92.
  234. Troutt J.S., Alborn W.E., Cao G. et al. Fenofibrate treatment increases human serum proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 level. J Lipid Res. 2010;51:345–351.
  235. Turley S.D. Dietary cholesterol and mechanisms of cholesterol absorption. Eur Heart J Supplements. 1999;1:S29–35.
  236. Hoenig M.R., Walker P.J., Gurnsey C. et al. Markers of cholesterol absorption and synthesis predict the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol response to atorvastatin. J Cardiovac Pharmacology. 2010;56(4):396–401.
  237. Rosenblum S.B., Huynh T., Afonso A. et al. Discovery of SCH 58235.: a designed, Potent, Orally Active Inhibitor of Cholesterol absorption. J Med Chem. 1998;41(6):973–980.
  238. Clarenbach J.J., Reber M., Lutjohann D. et al. The lipid-lowering effect of ezetimibe in pure vegetarians. J Lipid Res. 2006;47:2820–2824.
  239. Bays H.E., Moore P.B., Drehobl M.A. et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of ezetimibe in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: pooled analysis o two phase II studies. Clin Ther. 2001;23(8):1209–1230. doi: 10.1016/s0149-2918(01)80102-8.
  240. Ballantyne C., Abate N., Yuan Z. et al. Dose comparison study of combination of ezetimibe and simvastatin (Vytorin) versus atorvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolaemia: The Vytorin Versus Atorvastatin (VYVA) Study. Am Heart J. 2005;149:464–473.
  241. Kastelein J., Akdim F., Stroes E. et al. Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in Familial Hypercholesterolaemia. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1431–1443.
  242. Rossebo A., Pedersen T., Boman K. et al. Intensive lipid lowering with simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic stenoisis. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1–14.
  243. Baigent C., Landray M.G.T., Reith S. et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9784):2181–2192. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60739-3.
  244. Fleg J.L., Mete M., Howard B.V. Effect of statins alone versus statins plus ezetimibe on carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes: the SANDS (Stop Atherosclerosis in Native Diabetics Study) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(25):2198–2205. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.031.
  245. Сусеков А.В., Зубарева М.Ю., Кухарчук В.В. Результаты наблюдательной программы по эзетролу «Исследование двух столиц». Фарматека. 2006;(8):65–70.
  246. Зубарева М.Ю., Рожкова Т.А., Соловьева Ю., Сусеков А.В. Рандомизированное исследование ЭСКАДРА. Часть 1. Гиполипидемическая эффективность, безопасность и переносимость эзетимиба, начальных доз оригинальных статинов и комбинации эзетимиба с начальными дозами статинов у больных ишемической болезнью сердца и гиперлипопротеидемией. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2010;(6):74–82.
  247. Сусеков А.В., Горнякова Н.Б., Зубарева М.Ю., Рожкова Т.А., Соловьева Е.Ю. Двойное ингибирование холестерина – новый подход к эффективному контролю гиперлипидемии и атеросклероза. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2009;(6):98–110.
  248. Lamb Y.N. Rosuvastatin/Ezetimibe: A Review in Hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2020;20(4):381–392. doi: 10.1007/s40256-020-00421-1.
  249. Boutari C., Karagiannis A., Athyros V.G. Rosuvastatin and ezetimibe for the treatment of dyslipidemia and hypercholesterolemia. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2021;19(7):575–580. doi: 10.1080/14779072.2021.1940959.
  250. Strilchuk L., Tocci G., Fogacci F. et al. An overview of rosuvastatin/ezetimibe association for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2020;21(5):531–539. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1714028.
  251. Hong S.J.H., Jeon H.S., Ahn H.S. A Phase III, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Active Comparator Clinical Trial to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Combination Therapy With Ezetimibe and Rosuvastatin Versus Rosuvastatin Monotherapy in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia: I-ROSETTE (Ildong Rosuvastatin & Ezetimibe for Hypercholesterolemia) Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Ther. 2018;40(2):226–241.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.12.018.
  252. Katzmann J.L., Vilela-Sorio F., Dornstauder E. et al. Non‑statin lipid‑lowering therapy over time in very‑high‑risk patients: efectiveness of fixed‑dose statin/ezetimibe compared to separate pill combination on LDL‑C. Clin Res Cardiol. 2022;111:243–252. doi: 10.1007/s00392-020-01740-8.
  253. Kromhout D., Yasuda S., Geleijnse J.M. et al. Fish oil and omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease: do they really work? Eur Heart J. 2012;33:436–443. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr362.
  254. Middaugh J.P. Cardiovascular Deaths among Alaskan Natives, 1980-86. Am J Public Health. 1990;80:282–285.
  255. Newman W.P., Middaugh J.P., Propst M.T. et al. Atherosclerosis in Alaska Natives and non-natives. Lancet. 1993;341(8852):1056–1057. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92413-n.
  256. Grosso G., Galvano F., Mearventano S. et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and depression: scientific evidence and biological mechanisms. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014;2014:313570. doi: 10.1155/2014/313570.
  257. De Winther M.P., Kanters E., Kraal G., Hofker M.H. NF-kB signaling in atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:904–914.
  258. Backes J., Anzalone D., Hilleman D. et al. The clinical relevance of omega-3 fatty acids in the management of hypertriglyceridemia. Lipids Health Dis. 2016;15(1):118. doi: 10.1186/s12944-016-0286-4.
  259. Shearer G.C., Savinova O.V., Harris W.S. Fish oil - how does it reduce plasma TGs? Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1821:843–851.
  260. Harris W.S., Bulchandani D. Why do omega-3 fatty acids lower serum TGs? Curr Opin Lipidol. 2006;17:387–393.
  261. Ooi E.M., Watts G.F., Ng T.W., Barrett P.H. Effect of dietary Fatty acids on human lipoprotein metabolism: a comprehensive update. Nutrients. 2015;7:4416–4425.
  262. Davidson M.H. Mechanisms for the hypoTGmic effect of marine omega-3 fatty acids. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:27i–33i.
  263. GISSI Investigators. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto miocardico. Lancet. 1999;354:447–455.
  264. Marchioli R., Barzi F., Bomba E. et al. Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione. Circulation. 2002;105:1897–1903.
  265. Yokoyama M., Origasa H., Matsuzaki M. et al. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coron-ary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomized open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet. 2007;369:1090–1098.
  266. Tavazzi L., Maggioni A.P., Marchioli R. et al. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:1223–1230.
  267. Kromhout D., Giltay E.J., Geleijnse J.M. n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2015–2026.
  268. Rauch B., Schiele R., Schneider S. et al. OMEGA, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to test the effect of highly purified omega-3 fatty acids on top of modern guideline-adjusted therapy after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2010;122:2152–2159.
  269. Galan P., Kesse-Guyot E., Czernichow S., Briancon S., Blacher J., Hercberg S. Effects of B vitamins and omega 3 fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases: a randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;341:c6273.
  270. ORIGIN Trial Investigators, Bosch J., Gerstein H.C., Dagenais G.R. et al. n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with dysglycemia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:309–318. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1203859.
  271. Roncaglione M.C., Tombesi M., Avanzini F. et al. for the Risk and Prevention Study Collaborative Group. n-3 fatty acids in patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1800–1808.
  272. Kastelein J.J., Maki K.C., Susekov A. et al. Omega-3 free fatty acids for the treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia: the EpanoVa fOr Lowering Very high triglycerides (EVOLVE) trial. J Clin Lipidol. 2014;8:94–106.
  273. Stroes E.S.G., Susekov A.V., de Bruin T.W.A., Kvarnstrom M., Yang H., Davidson M.H. Omega-3 carboxylic acids in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia: EVOLVE II, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Lipidol. 2018;12:321–330.
  274. Bowman L., Mafham M., Wallendszus K. et al. for ASCEND Study Collaborative Group. Effects of n-3 Fatty Acid Supplements in Diabetes Mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:1540–1550.
  275. Manson J.E., Cook N.R., Lee I.M. et al. Marine n-3 Fatty Acids and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(1):23–32. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1811403.
  276. Davidson M.H., Johnson J., Rooney M.W., Kyle M.L., Kling D.F. A novel omega-3 free fatty acid formulation has dramatically improved bioavailability during a low-fat diet compared with omega-3-acid ethyl esters: the ECLIPSE (Epanova) compared to Lovaza) in a pharmacokinetic single-dose evaluation) study. J Clin Lipidol. 2012;6(6):573–584.
  277. Maki K.C., Orloff D.G., Nicholls S.J. et al. A highly bioavailable omega-3 free fatty acid formulation improves the cardiovascular risk profile in high-risk, statin-treated patients with residual hypertriglyceridemia (the ESPRIT trial). Clin Ther. 2013;35:1400–1411.
  278. Bays H.E., Ballantyne C.M., Kastelein J.J., Isaacsohn J.L., Braeckman R.A., Soni P.N. Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (AMR101) therapy in patients with very high TG levels (from the Multi-center, plAcebo-controlled, Randomized, double-blINd, 12-week study with an open-label Extension [MARINE] trial). Am J Cardiol. 2011;108:682–690.
  279. Ballantyne C.M., Bays H.E., Kastelein J.J. et al. Efficacy and safety of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (AMR101) therapy in statin-treated patients with persistent high TGs (from the ANCHOR study). Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:984–992.
  280. Сусеков А.В. Место w3-полиненасыщенных жирных кислот при лечении больных с атеросклерозом и нарушениями липидного обмена. Лечебное дело. 2020;(2):32–45. doi: 10.24411/2071-5315-2020-12209.
  281. Сусеков А.В. Омега-3 полиненасыщенные жирные кислоты у больных с гипертриглицеридемиями и атеросклерозом. Кардиология. 2021;61(6):88–96. doi: 10.18087/cardio.2021.6.n1578.
  282. Blankenhorn D.H, Nessim S.A., Johnson R.D., Sanmarco M.E., Azen S.P., Cashin-Hemphill L. Beneficial effects of combined colestipol-niacin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis and coronary venous bypass grafts. JAMA. 1987;257:3233–3240.
  283. Brown G.B., Zhao X.O., Chait A. et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease and clinical events. N Egl J Med. 2001;345(22):1583–1592.
  284. Whitney E.J., Krasuski R.A., Personius B.E. et al. A randomized trial of a strategy for increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: effects on progression of coronary heart disease and clinical events. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:95–104.
  285. Superko H.R., Zhao X.-Q., Hodis H.N. et al. Niacin and heart disease prevention: Engraving its tombstone is a mistake. J Clin Lipidol. 2017;11:1309–1137.
  286. Chapman J., Stock J.K., Ginsberg H.N. et al. PCSK9 inhibitors and cardiovascular disease: heralding a new therapeutic era. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2015;26:511–520.
  287. Horton J.D., Cohen J.C., Hobbs H.H. PCSK9: a convertase that coordinates LDL catabolism. J Lipid Res. 2009;50:S172–S177.
  288. Roth E., Diller P. Alirocumab for hyperlipidemia: physiology of PCSK9 inhibition, pharmacodynamics and Phase I and II clinical trial results of a PCSK9 monoclonal antibody. Future Cardiol. 2014;10(2):183–199.
  289. Goldstein J.L., Brown M.S. The LDL receptor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009;29:431–438.
  290. Robinson J.G., Nedergaard B.S., Rogers W.J. Effect of evolocumab or ezetimibe added to moderate- or high-intensity statin therapy on LDL-C lowering in patients with hypercholesterolemia: the LAPLACE-2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;311(18):1870–1882. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.4030.
  291. Raal F.J., Stein E.A., Dufour R., Turner T. PCSK9 inhibition with evolocumab (AMG 145) in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (RUTHERFORD-2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9965):331–340. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61399-4.
  292. Stroes E., Colquhoun D., Sullivan D. et al. Anti-PCSK9 antibody effectively lowers cholesterol in patients with statin intolerance: the GAUSS-2 randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 clinical trial of evolocumab. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(23):2541–2548. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.019.
  293. Nissen S.E., Stroes E., Dent-Acosta R.E. et al. Efficacy and Tolerability of Evolocumab vs Ezetimibe in Patients With Muscle-Related Statin Intolerance: The GAUSS-3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016;315(15):1580–1590. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.3608.
  294. Koren M.J., Scott R., Kim J.B. et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 as monotherapy in patients with hypercholesterolaemia (MENDEL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study. Lancet. 2012;380(9858):1995–2006. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61771-1.
  295. Koren M.J., Lundqvist P., Bolognese M. et al. Anti-PCSK9 monotherapy for hypercholesterolemia: the MENDEL-2 randomized, controlled phase III clinical trial of evolocumab. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(23):2531–2540. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.018.
  296. Blom D., Hala T., Bolognese M. et al. A 52-week placebo-controlled trial of evolocumab in hyperlipidemia. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1809–1819. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1316222.
  297. Nicholls S.J., Puri R. Effect of Evolocumab on Progression of Coronary Disease in Statin-Treated Patients: The GLAGOV Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016;316(22):2373–2384. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.16951.
  298. Robinson J.G., Farnier M., Krempf M. et al. Efficacy and safety of alirocumab in reducing lipids and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(16):1489–1499. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1501031.
  299. Kastelein J.J., Ginsberg H.N., Langslet G. et al. ODYSSEY FH I and FH II: 78 week results with aliro-cumab treatment in 735 patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(43):2996–3003. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv370.
  300. Kereiakes D.J., Robinson J.G., Cannon C.P. et al. Efficacy and safety of the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor alirocumab among high cardiovascular risk patients on maximally tolerated statin therapy: The ODYSSEY COMBO I study. Am. Heart J. 2015;169(6):906–915.e13.
  301. El Shahawy M., Cannon C.P., Blom D.J. et al. Efficacy and safety of alirocumab versus ezetimibe over 2 years (from ODYSSEY COMBO II). Am J Cardiol. 2017;120(6):931–939. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.06.023.
  302. Bays H., Gaudet D., Weiss R. et al. Alirocumab as Add-On to Atorvastatin Versus Other Lipid Treatment Strategies: ODYSSEY OPTIONS I J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(8):3140–3148. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-1520.
  303. Farnier M., Jones P., Severance R. et al. Efficacy and safety of adding alirocumab to rosuvastatin versus adding ezetimibe or doubling the rosuvastatin dose in high cardiovascular-risk patients: The ODYSSEY OPTIONS II randomized trial. Atherosclerosis. 2016;244:138–146. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.11.010.
  304. Roth E.M., McKenney J.M. ODYSSEY MONO: Effect of alirocumab 75 mg subcutaneouslyevery 2 weeks as monotherapy versus ezetimibe over 24 weeks. Future Cardiol. 2015;11(1):27–37. doi: 10.2217/fca.14.82.
  305. Moriarty P.M., Thompson P.D., Cannon C.P. et al. Efficacy and safety of alirocumab vs ezetimibe in statin-intolerant patients, with a statin rechallenge arm: The ODYSSEY ALTERNATIVE randomized trial. J Clin Lipidol. 2015;9(6):758–769. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.08.006.
  306. Guedeney P., Sorrentino S., Giustino G. et al. Indirect comparison of the efficacy and safety of alirocumab and evolocumab: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2021;7(3):225–235. doi: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa024.
  307. Mercep I., Friscic N. Strikic D. et al. Advantages and Disadvantages of Inclisiran: A Small Interfering Ribonucleic Acid Molecule Targeting PCSK9 – A Narrative Review. Cardiovasc Ther. 2022;2022:8129513. doi: 10.1155/2022/8129513.
  308. Lamb Y.N. Inclisiran: First Approval. Drugs. 2021;81(3):389–395. doi: 10.1007/s40265-021-01473-6.
  309. Cupido A.J., John J.P. Kastelein Inclisiran for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia: implications and unanswered questions from the ORION trials. Cardiovascular Research. 2020;116:e136–e139. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa212.
  310. Catapano A.L., Pirillo A., Norata G.D. Insights from ORION studies: focus on inclisiran safety. Cardiovasc Res. 2021;117(1):24–26. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa139.
  311. Stoekenbroek R.M., Kallend D., Wijngaard P.L. et al. Inclisiran for the treatment of cardiovascular disease: the ORION clinical development program. Future Cardiol. 2018;14(6):433–442. doi: 10.2217/fca-2018-0067.
  312. Ray K.K., Landmesser U., Leiter L.A. Inclisiran in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk with Elevated LDL Cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(15):1430–1440. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1615758.
  313. Hovingh G.K., Lepor N.E., Kallend D., Stoekenbroek R.M., Wijngaard P.L., Raal F.J. Inclisiran durably lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 expression in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: the ORION-2 pilot study. Circulation. 2020;141:1829–1831.
  314. Kastelein J.J. et al. Late Breakers. Long-term inclisiran in subjects with high CV risk and elevated LDL-C. Presented at: National Lipid Association Scientific Sessions; May 16–19, 2019; Miami.
  315. A study of inclisiran in participants with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) (ORION-5). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2021. Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/.
  316. Raal F.J., Kallend D., Ray K.K. et al. for ORION-9 Investigators. Inclisiran for the Treatment of Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(16):1520–1530. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1913805.
  317. Ray K.K., Wright R.S., Kallend D. et al. Two Phase 3 Trials of Inclisiran in Patients with Elevated LDL Cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(16):1507–1519. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1912387.
  318. Reijman M.D., Schweizer A., Peterson A.L. et al. Rationale and design of two trials assessing the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of inclisiran in adolescents with homozygous and heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;zwac025. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac025.
  319. Баранов А.А., Намазова-Баранова Л.С., Гундобина О.С. и др. Педиатрическая фармакология. 2016;13(3):239–243. doi: 10.15690/pf.v13i3.1573.
  320. Pinkosky S.L., Newton R.S., Day E.A. et al. Liver-specific ATP-citrate lyase inhibition by bempedoic acid decreases LDL-C and attenuates atherosclerosis. Nat Commun. 2016;7:13457. doi: 10.1038/ncomms13457.
  321. Ballantyne C.M. Bempedoic Acid (ETC-1002): an Investigational Inhibitor of ATP Citrate Lyase. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2016;18(10):61.
  322. Susekov A.V., Korol L.A., Watts G.F. Bempedoic Acid in the Treatment of Patients with Dyslipidemias and Statin Intolerance. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy. 2021;35(4):841–852. doi: 10.1007/s10557-020-07139-x.
  323. Ballantyne C.M., Banach M., Mancini G.B.J. et al. Efficacy and safety of bempedoic acid added to ezetimibe in statin-intolerant patients with hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Atherosclerosis. 2018;277:195–203. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.06.002.
  324. Laufs U., Banach M., Mancini G.B.J. et al. Efficacy and safety of bempedoic acid in patients with hypercholesterolemia and statin intolerance. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(7):e011662. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.
  325. Ray K.K., Bays H.E., Catapano A.L. et al. Safety and efficacy of bempedoic acid to reduce LDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(11):1022–1032. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1803917.
  326. Goldberg A.C., Leiter L.A., Stroes E.S.G. et al. Effect of Bempedoic Acid vs Placebo Added to Maximally Tolerated Statins on Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Patients at High Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: The CLEAR Wisdom Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019;322(18):1780-1788. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.16585.
  327. Parham J.S. Mipomersen and its use in Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019;20(2):127–131. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1550071.
  328. Kastelein J.J., Wedel M.K., Baker B.F. et al. Potent reduction of apolipoprotein B and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by short-term administration of an antisense inhibitor of apolipoprotein B. Circulation. 2006;114:1729–1735.
  329. Akdim F., Tribble D.L., Flaim J.D. et al. Efficacy of apolipoprotein B synthesis inhibition in subjects with mild-to-moderate hyperlipidaemia. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:2650–2659.
  330. Akdim F., Stroes E.S., Sijbrands E.J. et al. Efficacy and safety of mipomersen, an antisense inhibitor of apolipoprotein B, in hypercholesterolemic subjects receiving stable statin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1611–1618.
  331. Akdim F., Visser M.E., Tribble D.L. et al. Effect of mipomersen, an apolipoprotein B synthesis inhibitor, on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105:1413–1419.
  332. Raal F.J., Santos R.D., Blom D.J. et al. Mipomersen, an apolipoprotein B synthesis inhibitor, for lowering of LDL cholesterol concentrations in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375:998–1006.
  333. Santos R.D., Duell P.B., East C. et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of mipomersen in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia: 2-year interim results of an open-label extension. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(9):566–575.
  334. Genyzme Corporation. KYNAMRO® (mipomersen sodium) injection prescribing information. 2013. Available at: http://www.kynamro.com/.
  335. Alonso R., Cuevas A., Mata P. et al. Lomitapid: a review of its clinical use, efficacy, and tolerability. Core Evidence. 2019;14:19–30.
  336. Gordon D.A. Recent advances in elucidating the role of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in apolipoprotein B lipoprotein assembly. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1997;8:131–137.
  337. Lin M., Zhao S., Shen L., Xu D. Potential approaches to ameliorate heptic fat accumulation seen with MTP inhibition. Drug Saf. 2014;37:213–224. doi: 10.1007/s40264-014-0147-x.
  338. Cuchel M., Bloedon L.T., Szapary P. et al. Inhibition of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:148–156. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa06118.
  339. Cuchel M., Meagher E.A., Du Toit Theron H. et al. Phase 3 HoFH Lomitapide Study investigators. Efficacy and safety of a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a single-arm, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2013;381:40–46. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61731-0.
  340. Stefanutti C., Blom D., Averna M. et al. The lipid-lowering effects of lomitapide are unaffected by adjunctive apheresis in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia- A post-hoc analysis of a phase 3, single-arm, open-label trial. Atherosclerosis. 2015;240:408–414. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.03.014.
  341. Harada-Shiba M., Ikewaki K., Nohara A. et al. Efficacy and safety of Lomitapide in Japanese patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2017;24:402–411. doi: 10.5551/jat.38216.
  342. Blom D., Averna M., Meagher E. et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor Lomitapide in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Circulation. 2017;136:332–335. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028208.
  343. Nohara A., Otsubo Y., Yanagi K. et al. Safety and Efficacy of Lomitapide in Japanese Patients with Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia (HoFH): Results from the AEGR-733-301 Long-Term Extension Study. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2019;26(4):368-377. doi: 10.5551/jat.45708.
  344. Blom D., Fayad Z., Kastelein J. et al. LOWER, a registry of lomitapide-treated patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: rationale and desing. J Clin Lipidol. 2016;10:273–282. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.11.011.
  345. Kolovou G., Kolovou V., Papadopoulou A., Watts G. MTP gene variants and response to lomitapide in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2016;23:878–883. doi: 10.5551/jat.34777.
  346. Underberg J., Cannon C., Larrey D., Makris L., Jurecka A. Blom D. Long-term safety and efficacy of lomitapide in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: three year data from the lomitapide observational worldwide evaluation registry (LOWER). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(11 Suppl.):A168. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(18)30709-5.
  347. Nelson A., Sniderman A.D., Ditmarsch M. et al. Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibition Reduces Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events by Lowering Apolipoprotein B Levels. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:9417. doi: 10.3390/ijms23169417.
  348. Ha Y.C., Barter P.J. Differences in plasma cholesteryl ester transfer activity in sixteen vertebrate species. Comp Biochem Physiol. 1982;71:265–269.
  349. Qiu X., Mistry A., Ammirati M.J. et al. Crystal structure of cholesteryl ester transfer protein reveals a long tunnel and four bound lipid molecules. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2007;14:106–113.
  350. Barter P.J., Caulfield M., Eriksson M. et al. Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2109–2122.
  351. Gordon D.J., Probstfield J.L., Garrison R.J. et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies. Circulation. 1989;79:8–15.
  352. Assmann G., Schulte H., von Eckardstein A., Huang Y. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as a predictor of coronary heart disease risk. The PROCAM experience and pathophysiological implications for reverse cholesterol transport. Atherosclerosis. 1996;124:S11–S20.
  353. Di Angelantonio E., Sarwar N., Perry P. et al. Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease. JAMA. 2009;302:1993–2000.
  354. Barter P.J., Caulfield M., Eriksson M. et al. Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2109–2122.
  355. Schwartz G.G., Olsson A.G., Abt M. et al. Effects of dalcetrapib in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:2089–2099.
  356. Lincoff A.M., Nicholls S.J., Riesmeyer J.S. et al. Evacetrapib and Cardiovascular Outcomes in High-Risk Vascular Disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1933–1942.
  357. Bowman L., Hopewell J.C., Chen F. et al. Effects of Anacetrapib in Patients with Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1217–1227.
  358. Hovingh G.K., Kastelein J.J., van Deventer S.J. et al. Cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibition by TA-8995 in patients with mild dyslipidaemia (TULIP): A randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2015;386:452–460.
  359. Nicholls S.J., Ditmarsch M., Kastelein J.J. et al. Lipid lowering effects of the CETP inhibitor obicetrapib in combination with high-intensity statins: A randomized phase 2 trial. Nat Med. 2022;28(8):1672–1678. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01936-7.
  360. Cardiovascular Outcome Study to Evaluate the Effect of Obicetrapib in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease (PREVAIL). Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ (accessed on 07 November 2022).
  361. Esan O., Wierzbicki A.S. Volanesorsen in the Treatment of Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome or Hypertriglyceridaemia: Design, Development and Place in Therapy. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2020;14:2623–2636. doi: 10.2147/dddt.s224771.
  362. Graham M.J., Lee R.G., Bell T.A. 3rd et al. Antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of apolipoprotein C-III reduces plasma triglycerides in rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans. Circ Res. 2013;112(11):1479–1490. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.300367.
  363. Blom D.J., O’Dea L., Digenio A. et al. Characterizing familial chylomicronemia syndrome: baseline data of the APPROACH study. J Clin Lipidol. 2018;12(5):1234–43e5. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.05.013.
  364. Gouni-Berthold I., Alexander V., Digenio A. et al. Apolipoprotein C-III inhibition with volanesorsen in patients with hypertriglyceridemia (COMPASS): A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Atheroclerosis Suppl. 2017;28:e1–e2.
  365. Arca M., Hsieh A., Soran H., Rosenblit P., O’Dea L., Stevenson M. The effect of volanesorsen treatment on the burden associated with familial chylomicronemia syndrome: the results of the ReFOCUS study. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2018;16(7):537–546. doi: 10.1080/ 14779072.2018.1487290.
  366. Kersten S. Angiopoietin-like 3 in lipoprotein metabolism. Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13:731–739.
  367. Chen Y.Q., Pottanat T.G., Siegel R.W. et al. Angiopoietin-like protein 8 differentially regulates ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 during postprandial partitioning of fatty acids. J Lipid Res. 2020;61:203–220.
  368. Ward N., Chan D., Watts F.F. A tale of two new targets for hypertriglyceridemia: which choice of therapy? Bio-Drugs 2022;36:121–135. doi: 10.1007/s40259-022-00520-2.
  369. Hatsuda S., Shoji T., Shinohara K. et al. Association between plasma angiopoietin-like protein 3 and arterial wall thickness in healthy subjects. J Vasc Res. 2007;44:61–66.
  370. Romeo S., Yin W., Kozlitina J. et al. Rare loss-of-function mutations in ANGPTL family members contribute to plasma triglyceride levels in humans. J Clin Invest. 2009;119:70–79.
  371. Dewey F.E., Gusarova V., Dunbar R.L. et al. Genetic and Pharmacologic Inactivation of ANGPTL3 and Cardiovascular Disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(3):211–221. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1612790.
  372. Stitziel N.O., Khera A.V., Wang X. et al. ANGPTL3 deficiency and protection against coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:2054–2063.
  373. Ahmad Z., Banerjee P., Hamon S. et al. Inhibition of ngiopoietin-like protein 3 with a monoclonal antibody reduces triglycerides in hypertriglyceridemia. Circulation. 2019;140:470–486.
  374. Raal F.J.R., Rosenson R.S., Reeskamp L.F. et al. Evinacumab for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:711–720. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2004215.
  375. Tsimikas S., Moriarty P.M., Stroes E.S. Emerging RNA Therapeutics to Lower Blood Levels of Lp(a): JACC Focus Seminar 2/4. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(12):1576–1589. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.01.051.
  376. Hardy J., Niman S., Goldfaden R.F. et al. A Review of the clinical pharmacology of pelacarsen:a lipoprotein(a) lowering agent. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2022. 22:47–54. doi: 10.1007/s40256-021-00499-1.
  377. Tsimikas S., Viney N.J., Hughes S.G. Antisense therapy targeting apolipoprotein(a): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 study. Lancet. 2015;386:1472–1483.
  378. Tsimikas S., Karwatoska-Prokopczuk E., Gouni-Berthold I. et al. Lipoprotein(a) reduction in persons with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(3):244–255.
  379. Poli A., Barbagallo C.M., Cicrero A.F.G. Nutraceuticals and functional foods for the control of plasma cholesterol levels. An intersociety position paper. Pharmacologica Research. 2018;134:51–60. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.05.015.
  380. Цыганкова О.В., Евдокимова Н.Е., Байрамова С.С., Сусеков А.В. Статин-ассоциированный рабомиолиз у женщины 60 лет с декомпенсированным сахарным диабетом 2 типа. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2021;26(11):44171. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4471.
  381. Fredrickson D.S., Levy R.I., Lees R.S. Fat transport in lipoproteins - an integrated approach to mechanisms and disorders. N Engl J Med. 1967;276(1). doi: 10.1056/nejm196701052760107.
  382. Carson J.A.S., Lichtensteain A.H., Anderson c A.M. et al. Dietary Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Risk: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141(3):e39-e53. doi: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000743.
  383. Tripadella M., Mallardo V., Morgillo M. et al Lipoprotein(a) where do we stand? Biomedicines. 2021;9:838. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9070838.
  384. Shah N.P., Pajidipati N.J., McGarrah R.W. et al. Lipoprotein(a): An Update on a Marker of Residual Risk and Associated Clinical Manifestations. Am J Cardiol. 2020;126:94–102.
  385. Agatston A.S., Janowitz W.R., Hildner F.J. et al. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;15(4):827–832. doi: 10.1016/0735–1097(90)90282-t.
  386. Orringer C.E., Blaha M.J., Blankstain R. The National Lipid Association scientific statement on coronary artery calcium scoring to guide preventive strategies for ASCVD risk reduction. Clinical Lipidology. 2021;15:33–60.

Заключение редактора

Уважаемые коллеги!

Клиническая липидология – весьма сложная, но интересная медицинская наука, которая касается здоровья миллионов наших пациентов и внимания врачей самых разных специальностей – кардиологов, терапевтов, эндокринологов, гастроэнтерологов, педиатров, генетиков и др.

Развернуть Статины были и остаются основным классом препаратов для профилактики и лечения атеросклероза, во всем мире их принимают почти полмиллиарда человек. К сожалению, в нашей стране эта терапия, хотя и стала доступнее для большинства больных, все равно пока малоэффективна (низкие дозы, страхи и предрассудки по безопасности и т. д). По-прежнему, в повседневной практике актуальны задачи назначения адекватных доз статинов, повышения приверженности лечению, внедрения в практику новых лекарственных препаратов. Комбинированная липидснижающая терапия расширила наши возможности в контроле липидов у тяжелых пациентов очень высокого СС риска и больных с семейной гиперхолестеринемией. В этой книге можно найти экстракт современных международных и российских клинических рекомендаций и оригинальных статей, охватывающих разнообразные аспекты диагностики и лечения нарушений липидного обмена.

Очень надеюсь, что эти Рекомендации окажутся полезным справочным пособием и надежным помощником при решении сложных клинических задач.

До новых встреч!

С уважением,
А.В. Сусеков

Ссылки на источники

Развернуть

Аббревиатуры

Развернуть АВА – аденовирус-ассоциированный

АГ – артериальная гипертензия

АД – артериальное давление

АКШ – аортокоронарное шунтирование

АТФ – аденозинтрифосфат

БВ – болезнь Вольмана

БК – Бемпедоевая кислота

БНЭХ – болезнь накопления эфиров холестерина

БПЭХ – белок, переносящий эфиры холестерина

БТ – болезнь Танжера

ВОЗ – Всемирная организация здравоохранения

ВПН – верхний предел нормы

ГА – гипоальфалипопротеинемия

ГАЛП – гиперальфалипопротеинемия

ГЭБ – гематоэнцефалический барьер

ДЛКЛ – дефицит лизосомной кислой липазы

ЖК – жирные кислоты

ЖКТ – желудочно-кишечный тракт

ИБС – ишемическая болезнь сердца

ИМ – инфаркт миокарда

КФК – креатинфосфокиназа

ЛКЛ – лизосомальная кислая липаза

ЛПВП – липопротеины высокой плотности

ЛПЛ – липопротеинлипаза

ЛПНП – липопротеины низкой плотности

ЛПОНП – липопротеины очень низкой плотности

ЛППП – липопротеины промежуточной плотности

ЛХАТ – дефицит лецитинхолестерол ацилтрансферазы

МПБ – микросомальный переносящий белок

МС – метаболический синдром

ОКС – острый коронарный синдром

ОХС – общий холестерин

САМ – статин-ассоциированная миотоксичность

САМС – статин-ассоциированные мышечные симптомы

СГЛП – семейная гиперлипидемия

СГХС – семейная гиперхолестеринемия

СД – сахарный диабет

СКХС – семейная комбинированная гиперхолестеринемия

ССЗ – сердечно-сосудистые заболевания

СРБ – С-реактивный белок

ТАГ – триацилглицеролы

ТГ – триглицериды

ТИА – транзиторная ишемическая атака

ТИМ – толщина комплекса интима-медиа

тПН – терминальная почечная недостаточность

ТТГ – тиреотропный гормон

УЗИ – ультразвуковое исследование

ХПН – хроническая почечная недостаточность

ХС – холестерин

ХС-ЛПВП – холестерин липопротеинов высокой плотности

ХС-ЛПНП – холестерин липопротеинов низкой плотности

ХС-неЛПВП – холестерин не липопротеинов высокой плотности

ЦНС – центральная нервная система

ЭР – эндоплазматический ретикулум

ЭЛ – эндотелиальная липаза


Уровни доказательности в рекомендациях

Градации достоверности рекомендаций Уровень убедительности доказательств Вид исследования
А 1А Систематический обзор рандомизированных контролируемых исследований (испытаний), РКИ
1B Отдельное рандомизированное контролируемое исследование
В 2A Систематический обзор исследований «случай – контроль»
2B Отдельное когортное исследование
3A Систематический обзор исследований «случай – контроль»
3B Отдельные исследования «случай – контроль»
С 4 Исследование серии случаев
Д 5 Мнение эксперта, не подвергавшееся критической оценке либо основанное на физиологии, результатах пробного исследования или на «основных принципах»

Книга предназначена для неврологов, терапевтов, анестезиологов, психиатров, психологов и других медицинских работников, участвующих в лечении пациентов с дислипидемией и атеросклерозом.  

Данное издание является объектом авторского права.
Все права защищены относительно издания целиком и его составляющих, т. е. перевода, переиздания, воспроизведения иллюстраций, цитирования, воспроизведения на микрофильмах или любым другим способом и хранения в базе данных.

© Anejo Health Communications

МЫ ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМ COOKIE

Продолжая использовать сайт, вы даете согласие на обработку файлов cookie, пользовательских данных (сведения о местоположении; тип и версия ОС; тип и версия Браузера; тип устройства и разрешение его экрана; источник откуда пришел на сайт пользователь; с какого сайта или по какой рекламе; язык ОС и Браузера; какие страницы открывает и на какие кнопки нажимает пользователь; ip-адрес) в целях функционирования сайта, проведения ретаргетинга и проведения статистических исследований и обзоров. Если вы не хотите, чтобы ваши данные обрабатывались, покиньте сайт. ПОКИНУТЬ САЙТ